Specifically, it is now allowed to start with a variable expression with braces:
${name}.  The opening curly bracket in such a token was previously considered
the start of a new block.  Variables located anywhere else in a token worked
fine: foo${name}.

The capability is retained automatically in unprivileged worker processes after
changing UID if transparent proxying is enabled at least once in nginx
configuration.

The feature is only available in Linux.

On some systems, it's possible that reaper of orphaned processes is
set to something other than "init" process.  On such systems, the
changing binary procedure did not work.

The fix is to check if PPID has changed, instead of assuming it's
always 1 for orphaned processes.

This is what usually happens for zones no longer used in the new
configuration, but zones where size or tag were changed were freed
when creating new memory zones.  If reconfiguration failed (for
example, due to a conflicting listening socket), this resulted in a
segmentation fault in the master process.

Reported by Zhihua Cao,
http://mailman.nginx.org/pipermail/nginx-devel/2017-October/010536.html.

The type should have been changed in c9b243802a17 along with
changing ngx_conf_handler_pt.

At least FreeBSD, macOS, NetBSD, and OpenBSD can return unix sockets
with non-null-terminated sun_path.  Additionally, the address may become
non-null-terminated if it does not fit into the buffer provided and was
truncated (may happen on macOS, NetBSD, and Solaris, which allow unix socket
addresess larger than struct sockaddr_un).  As such, ngx_sock_ntop() might
overread the sockaddr provided, as it used "%s" format and thus assumed
null-terminated string.

To fix this, the ngx_strnlen() function was introduced, and it is now used
to calculate correct length of sun_path.

Some OSes (notably macOS, NetBSD, and Solaris) allow unix socket addresses
larger than struct sockaddr_un.  Moreover, some of them (macOS, Solaris)
return socklen of the socket address before it was truncated to fit the
buffer provided.  As such, on these systems socklen must not be used without
additional check that it is within the buffer provided.

Appropriate checks added to ngx_event_accept() (after accept()),
ngx_event_recvmsg() (after recvmsg()), and ngx_set_inherited_sockets()
(after getsockname()).

We also obtain socket addresses via getsockname() in
ngx_connection_local_sockaddr(), but it does not need any checks as
it is only used for INET and INET6 sockets (as there can be no
wildcard unix sockets).